Anticancer Suppress cancer cell proliferation—inhibit NF-B and consequently downregulate NF-B-regulated gene products such as COX-2 protein and other proteins that are associated with carcinogenesis, tumor initiation, promotion, and metastasis in a wide variety of cancers
30–40
Induce apoptosis (programmed cell death type I) by activation of caspase-8, BID cleavage, cytochrome c release, and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression Induce autophagy (programmed cell death type II) regulated by simultaneous inhibition of the Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway and stimulation of the ERK1/2 pathway