In this sense, PPGIS can be regarded
as a GIS-based expression within the broader discipline of public
deliberation, i.e. the process through which deliberative democracy
occurs (Delli Carpini et al., 2004). PPGIS shall be distinguished
from PGIS (Participatory GIS) which, instead of the outcome of a
GIS-based decision-making process, is focused on simply making
GIS available to less-favored societal groups (Rambaldi et al.,
2006).