(1) Technology use: The technology was used in 16 of 23 classes by both design and
circumstance. The technology was not used during the first four classes, in order to obtain
baseline data on the performance of the students on the first exam. The technology also was not
used during the instructor’s absence (two classes) or when it was not working sufficiently well
(one class). During each class that technology was used, we did not count the minutes used for
administrative procedures, such as login; or time spent fixing technology glitches, such as
interference with wireless connectivity. At the end of the term, we tallied 672 minutes of
technology use over the 16 days, which accounted for 84% of available class time.