The values of aerosol radiative forcing in Kyoto ranged between 5.3 and þ3.5 W/m2 with an average of 1.5 W/m2,indicative of a net cooling effect. On the other hand,the radiative forcing in Nagoya was estimated from þ0.55 to þ9.0 W/m2 with an average of þ3.3 W/m2.