Our results on suppression of A. tabescens in soil are also encouraging as our study was the first to report toxicity of Xenorhabdus spp. or Photorhabdus spp. However, there are thus far limited reports in the literature for the use of bacteria or their metabolites as a tool to control Armillaria spp. (Biondi et al., 2004), and due to this dearth of information a considerable amount of research remains to be accomplished before the efficacy or practicality of the approach can be established.