The ‘I’ in the A-I-R typology belongs to “Innovate”, a critical component of all action designed to re-shape the future. The level of innovation included in the Clean Air Scenario is consistent with a steady pace of technology learning and cost reduction, in line with historical averages, rather than the step-change that could arise in the event of technology breakthrough. Technology is nonetheless a significant component of the anticipated improvement in outcomes, especially the structural transformation in electricity supply from non-combustion sources such as wind and solar. Countries looking to implement air quality strategies today can benefit from the accumulated research and development effort made to date in pollution control technologies and energy technologies, with an expected further decrease in costs and improvement in reliability from increased deployment over time.