A two-stage particle swarm optimization was utilized in this study to solve truss-structure optimization
problem achieving minimum weight objective under stress, deflection, and kinematic stability constraints.
The topologies of the truss-structure were optimized first from a given ground structure employing
the modified binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), and subsequently the size and shape of
members were optimized utilizing the attractive and repulsive particle swarm optimization (ARPSO).
The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was evaluated through a two-tier, 39-member, 12-node
ground structure problem. It was observed that the proposed methodology can find superior truss structures
than those reported in the literatures.