American Foulbrood (AFB) is a common bacterial disease of the
honey bee (Apis mellifera) brood. AFB is produced by the sporeforming
bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. Larvae are infected by
ingesting spores within the larval food provided by adult worker
bees. Diseased larvae will ultimately die from infection when
sporulation occurs and then will transmit spores throughout the
hive. The disease can kill the colony as spores become widespread
unless colonies demonstrate resistance, either physiological or
behavioral (Bastos et al., 2008). However, although some honey
bees possess inherent mechanisms of resistance, high levels of
spores produce clinical infections that inevitably leads to the
demise of colonies (Thompson et al., 2007).
AFB is considered to be the most serious illness plaguing apiculture
today and is nearly cosmopolitan distribution. AFB is difficult
to manage for apiculturists because the pathogen produces
environmentally stable spores which are very virulent, as well as
resistant to heat, to desiccation and to chemical disinfectants
(Thompson et al., 2007). Thus, AFB can be considered as a global
threat to apiculture.
The burn of the AFB affected combs is used in most of the
European Community countries. However, a common strategy
employed in some other countries for the prevention and
American Foulbrood (AFB) is a common bacterial disease of the
honey bee (Apis mellifera) brood. AFB is produced by the sporeforming
bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. Larvae are infected by
ingesting spores within the larval food provided by adult worker
bees. Diseased larvae will ultimately die from infection when
sporulation occurs and then will transmit spores throughout the
hive. The disease can kill the colony as spores become widespread
unless colonies demonstrate resistance, either physiological or
behavioral (Bastos et al., 2008). However, although some honey
bees possess inherent mechanisms of resistance, high levels of
spores produce clinical infections that inevitably leads to the
demise of colonies (Thompson et al., 2007).
AFB is considered to be the most serious illness plaguing apiculture
today and is nearly cosmopolitan distribution. AFB is difficult
to manage for apiculturists because the pathogen produces
environmentally stable spores which are very virulent, as well as
resistant to heat, to desiccation and to chemical disinfectants
(Thompson et al., 2007). Thus, AFB can be considered as a global
threat to apiculture.
The burn of the AFB affected combs is used in most of the
European Community countries. However, a common strategy
employed in some other countries for the prevention and
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