These partners (i.e. producer, wholesaler, processor, and retailer) are directly attached to the chain links through processes initiated by the four event types in EPCIS. External traceability partners (External TP, i.e. authorities and consumers) are not directly attached to the supply chain, but affect its processes because of requirements for preservation of food quality, safety, and environmental sustainability. Authorities affect the processes by monitoring operations according to laws and regulations; consumers affect supply chain processes by requiring information about food products bought at the retailers.