The dual motivational system proposed by Korman (2001) provides theoretical
justifications for the connection between OBSE and an individual’s intention and
actual voice behavior. The first motivational system, which Korman terms
self-protective motivation, is activated when employees feel they cannot meet
performance expectations, and see the work environment as one that emphasizes
punishment in motivating employees. The second motivational system is named
self-enhancement motivation, which is activated when employees see an opportunity
to achieve high performance goals, believe they can achieve them, but also see the
organization as encouraging them to do so. According to Korman (2001), low OBSE
precedes self-protection motivation. Individuals with a low level of OBSE avoid
putting themselves in positions of vulnerability. Thus, they are unlikely to engage in
voice behavior, because they need to take personal responsibility/image risk if their
suggestions turn out to be wrong. In contrast, high self-esteem precedes
self-enhancement motivation. High OBSE people usually possess attitudes and choose roles that reinforce their positive image as competent and capable employees.
The literature has shown that employees are more likely to voice concerns if they
believe that doing so will have a high probability of success and result in positive
organizational action (Ashford et al., 1998; Dutton et al., 2002; Withey & Cooper,
1989). But when employees perceive feelings of futility and understand that they
cannot help the company, they will inhibit their suggestions and withdraw their
concerns (Frese et al., 1999; Morrison & Milliken, 2000). Therefore, positive
self-image can enhance their intention to express work-related ideas/opinions, and
overcome the psychological barriers to do so.