3. Methodology
3.1. Participants
Participants in this research comprised 123 seventh-grade students in four classes and their teacher from one junior high school in
Taiwan. The teacher had experience inWeb-based instruction. The four classes were randomly divided into two different groups, PDA-WATA
group (n ¼ 63) and N-WBT group (n¼ 60). All students learned the same e-Learning materials. However, students in the PDA-WATA group
took the Web-based formative assessment in the form of PDA-WATA. Students in the N-WBT group took the Web-based formative
assessment in the form of normalWeb-based test (see Section 3.2.3). All students had taken a related course, Introduction to Computers and
Internet, to familiarize themselves with computers and the Internet.