In vitro experiments utilizing L6 skeletal muscle cells revealed that chlorogenic acid enhanced both basal and insulin-mediated glucose transport. Glucose uptake was dependent on AMPK-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, rather than PI3-kinase signaling. Although there was not PI3-kinase activation of IRS-1, chlorogenic acid surprisingly stimulated phosphorylation (Thr308) of Akt. The authors hypothesized that Akt may be the point of convergence for insulin-dependent and AMPK-dependent pathways, instead of Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) as previously shown [32]. Shearer et al., reported that a single infusion of a synthetic quinide, representative of those found in roasted coffee, increased insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in vivo [43].