Importantly, the preparation and disclosure of accounting information is mainly determined
by accounting standards such as IFRS. These standards are developed by a standard setter in a political process and interpreted and applied by accountants. Finally, financial statements
have to be interpreted by auditors and monitored by enforcement bodies. As such, behavioral
issues can arise in the following three dimensions: (1) Standard setting, (2) Preparation of
financial statements, and (3) Auditing and enforcement. The remainder of this short letter
provides some important examples showing that accounting information is inherently
behavioral from the development process through to the application of the information.