The substrates used in this work were ‘as-cut’, boron doped p-type, 1 Ω ✁ cm (100), CZ-silicon
and multicrystalline (mc-Si) wafers supplied by Bayer Solar Corporation. The thickness of the wafers
was 300 µm and area 10 cm × 10 cm. The specified carrier minority lifetime of Cz-Si wafers was
✂
10 µs and minority carriers diffusion length of mc-Si wafers was ~ 80 ✄m. The manufacturing
sequence for the cell fabrication can be divided in the following main stages:
1). Chemical etching
2). Emitter formation
3). Parasitic junction removal
4). Passivation
5). Antireflection coating
6). Screen-printing contacts
7). Co-firing front and back contacts