greater class equality but reflects the much lower degree of cultural self-confidence in both these countries (but see also Moeran in this issue).
The dynamics of the evolution of touristic styles, as with so many other sociological phenomena, are most apparent among the mobile middle classes, whereas the upper classes (very rich and landed aristocrats) are "up against the wall" in having all their styles and locations—apart from private retreats—invaded "from below." The Thurots (this issue) show that there is no longer one hierarchy of ranked tourist styles in France (and probably this is true for England, other European countries, and North America) but a fragmentation of competing styles, which reflect age groups and life style as well as occupational class. While one must not fall into the trap of proposing a unilineal evolution of tourist styles. as Cohen has strongly warned 11979:20,21,23), perhaps this fact—the loss of a stable class-bound, touristic hierarchy—is a universal tendance in "developed" capitalist countries, soon to be followed in Japan. as Moeran suggests. and by the "American classes" as Zbigniev Brezinski called them, of other less developed nations. While this might appear as ethnocentrism on the writer's part, the same factors of disposible income, increased education, and hence cultural selfconfidence, and the push-pull factors of touristic opportunities and motivations are spreading across national and political boundaries. even, as MacCannell suggests (1976:85-86) to the more advanced socialist countries.
The motivational dynamic of change stems from the exploratory and ludic urge, the need for recreational outlets, and from social aspirations whereby one compares 'one's life both with one's family and past experience and with competing classes and lifetyles. The "stage" of tourist development Pfaffenberger (this issue) describes for Sri Lanka, where the pilgrim's urge is the excuse for "modern" outings, may well soon become the stage described by Ichaporia (this issue), where the interest in sexually explicit Hindu iconography is "excused" by reference to cultural and religious heritage. And soon both populations may move on to the next stage, familiar in the Western world, where the motivations and the behavioral inversions will not have to be "excused" in traditional or religious terms—the pressures of the modern urban societies in both nations are tending in that direction. Japan is at an intermediate stage where the majority of domestic tourism is still traditional and group-oriented, with obligatory but perfunctionary obeisance to religious places as an accompaniment of newer forms of recreation, but Moeran (this issue) claims that the affluent, younger generation of educated/