found that higher yields and quality over the last 50 yr were influenced by a reduction in frost occurrence, advanced initiation of growth in the spring, and
longer growing seasons associated with asymmetric warming. Other studies of the impacts of climate change on grape growing and wine production reveal greater pest and disease pressure due to milder winters, changes in sea level potentially altering the coastal zone influences on viticultural climates, and the effect that in- creases in CO2 might have on grape quality and the texture of oak wood which is used for making wine barrels