Fig. 4. (a) Photocurrent density-voltage (I–V) curves of DSSC device SC-A with the bi-layer photoanode (P-18 active layer and dice-like TiO2 scattering layer) and SC-B with single active layer (P-18 layer) under AM 1.5G-one sun light intensity using N719 as sensitizer (100 mW cm2), (b) Schematic structures of P-18, (c) dice-like TiO2, (d) double-layer anode films and (e) proposed dye-adsorbed nano-concavity