Since the surface roughness in nanoscale range is one of the important
factors affecting the cell-material interaction, and interfacial biology,
the change in surface roughness after n-HA deposition was also
studied. The surface roughness helps to increase the dissolution rate of
apatite [49]Also, the bone forming cells generally attach themselves to
the rough nano-surfaces, resulting in high osseointegration. Khang et al.
investigated the cell adhesion behaviour on submicron, and nanometre
structured titaniumsurface and compared their results with a flat smooth
titanium surface [50]. The study demonstrated that both the nanometre
and submicron surfaces have very high surface energy and adhesion of
bone cells is very high on these surfaces. Thomas et al. also observed