vehicle or medium. In addition, a schedule’s
objective function value takes into account
such variables as the probability that
the advertisement will be forgotten, the total
cost of the media schedule compared
with the advertiser’s budget, and the “media
option source effect”—that is, the relative
impact of exposure in a particular advertising
vehicle. (For example, an advertisement
for men’s clothes is likely to have more impact
in Gentlemen’s Quarterly than in True
Detective.) Many software programs are
available for media planners that help them
determine the most effective media combinations.
More recently, Zufryden (2000)
described the ZAPEM methodology, which
takes into account cumulative penetration
and repeat purchase patterns, and their impact
on various media schedules.