Deccan, the entire southern peninsula of India south of the Narmada River, marked centrally by a high triangular tableland. The name derives from the Sanskrit daksina (“south”). The plateau is bounded on the east and west by the Ghats, escarpments that meet at the plateau’s southern tip. Its northern extremity is the Satpura Range. The Deccan’s average elevation is about 2,000 feet (600 metres), sloping generally eastward. Its principal rivers—the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri (Cauvery)—flow from the Western Ghats eastward to the Bay of Bengal. The plateau’s climate is drier than that on the coasts and is arid in places.
The Deccan’s early history is obscure. There is evidence of prehistoric human habitation; low rainfall must have made farming difficult until the introduction of irrigation. The plateau’s mineral wealth led many lowland rulers, including those of the Mauryan (4th–2nd century bce) and Gupta (4th–6th century ce) dynasties,