transactional immunity no longer exists in the federal system. It was replaced by what is referred to as “use immunity.” In 1970, the United States Congress enacted the so-called “use immunity” statutes that explicitly proscribe the use in any criminal case of testimony compelled under the order granting immunity. In essence, use immunity only provides that the witness’ testimony itself will not be used against him or her; he or she may still be prosecuted using other evidence. Although use immunity is not considered as broad a protection to the individual as transactional immunity, it is nevertheless consistent with the proscriptions of the