Acknowledgements
A part of this research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-6) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Authors would like to thank the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Japan for the access to the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM/ExSS) and the database, and Kyoto University and Prof. Ram M Shrestha for the guidance in LCS modelling. However, only the authors are responsible for the views expressed in this paper and for any errors.