1. planning;
• investment in new berths without ensuring that back-up areas, port access and operating capabilities such as trained manpower, cargo handling equipment and warehouse space (either within or outside the port area) are able to service these new berths.
• inadequacy of inland transport, both in capacity and efficiency
• late completion of port and transport development project, so that expected capacity is not available on time
• failure to keep traffic forecasts updated to reflect changes
• improvement by rebuilding wharves without providing for the accommodation of expanding traffic volumes during construction
• failure of port management and planning authorities to make adequate plans in time for port developments
• inflexibility in development plans to allow later changes in modes of traffic flows
• low appeal of port and shipping problems in the public mind, leading to lessor priorities being accorded to port investment
• political and social interference which bear on the decision-making processes