species in the lake sediments. To analyze lake sediments,
water scientists have characterized mineral
concentrations in soil particles. Al-Khashman and
Shawabkeh (2009) have used XRD to identify the
severity of various minerals (e.g., quartz, calcite,
dolomite, and minor minerals, such as gypsum and
other clay minerals) in different locations of urban
soil [146]. Further,Wang and his group (2009) have
synthesized and characterized copper sulfide (CuS)
nanotubes and characterized by XRD to detect their
uniform size distributions needed for multiple environmental
pollutants sensing [147].