Psychologist Abraham H. Maslow(1908-1970), took the basic Hawthorne finding that workers are as much social as economic creatures a step further when he first priposed his famous "need hierarchy" in his 1943 Psychological Review article, "A Theory of Human Motivation," which is reprinted here.
Maslow asserted that humans had five sets of goals or basic need arranged in a huerarchy of preesteem needs, and the final need for self-actualization - when an individual theoretically reaches selffulfillment and becomes all that he or she is capable of becoming.
Once the lower needs are satisfied, they cease to be motivators of behavior. Conversely, higher need cannot motivate until lower needs are satisfied. Maslow's psychological analysis of motivation proved to be the foundation for much subsequent research in organization behavior. Other, such as Fredrick Herzberg and Christ Argyris, would take Maslow's concepts and develop them into more comprehensive theories of motivation and organizational behavior. Still, Maslow's work, muchbas Weber's analysis of bureaucratic structure, would be a critical point of reference.
McGregor hypothesized that a manager's assumptions about human behavior predetermined his administrative style. Becaues of the dominance of traditional theory in managerial thought, many manager had long accepted and acted on a set of assumption that are at best true of only a minority of the population. McGregor labeled as Theory X the follwing assumptions:
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1.The average human being has an inherent dislike of work.
2.Most people must be coerced or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort.
3.People prefer to be directed and wish to avoid responsibility.
Theory X sounds very much like a traditional military organization, which, indeed, is where it comes from. While McGregor’s portrait of the modern industrial citizen can be criticized for implying greater pessimism concering human nature on the part of managers than is perhaps warranted, Theory X is all the more valuablevaluable as a memorable theoretical construct because it serves as such a polar opposite of Theory Y,which assumes the following:
1.The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as nature as play or rest.
2.A person will exercise self-direction and self-control in the service of objective to which he is committed.
3.Avoidance of responsibility, lack of ambition, and emphasis on security are generally consequences of expereience, not inherrent human characteristics.
4.The capacity to exercise a relatively hight degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely, not norrowly, distributed in the population.
Although the real battle between the human relations approach and traditional mechanistic scientific management of the appropriateness of organizational structure would not be joined until the post-World War II period, there was great activity on the organizational front, especially reorganization.
Reorganization would be a recurring theme in the practice and literature of public administration. In later years, scholars such as Harold Seidman, Ferderick C.Mosher, and Peter L. Szanton would produce significant works arguing the merits, objectives, and results of numerous a zation efforts in government. But the first great example of reorganization was the effort recommended by the President's Committee on Administrative Management in 1936-1937.