Urea is the main product, and its energy consumption could be lowered from 8.9 to 8.0 or 7.0 GJ t N −1 using better or the best available technologies. More dramatic impacts on emissions could potentially be achieved with ammonium nitrate (AN) production. China’s AN production facilities mostly use1960s’technologies, which consume 3.5 GJ t −1 N compared with 1.6 GJ t −1 N or even less with modern technologies (18). Moreover, AN manufacturing involves converting NH3 into HNO3,and the conversion process emits N2O, currently at 8.0 kg N2Ot