Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the use of laparoscopy in the management of the impalpable testis.
DESIGN A retrospective analysis of the clinical findings, interventions, and outcome in 87 consecutive boys undergoing laparoscopy for 97 impalpable testes.
RESULTS Fifty seven testes were either absent (n = 35) or present as a small remnant (n = 22), which was removed at contemporaneous groin exploration. There were 27 intra-abdominal testes, including four hypoplastic testes, which were removed laparoscopically. The 13 remaining viable testes were located in the groin. Conventional orchidopexy followed laparoscopy for 21 testes, and was successful in 17 cases. Two stage laparoscopically assisted Fowler Stevens orchidopexies were performed for 13 intra-abdominal testes, with eight satisfactory results. Ultrasound evaluation significantly reduced the number of conventional orchidopexies following laparoscopy.
IMPLICATIONS Laparoscopy is a rational and safe approach for precise localisation of the impalpable testis. Laparoscopically assisted two stage orchidopexy is a successful treatment procedure for intra-abdominal testes.
The initial assessment of the cryptorchid child may be by a variety of health care professionals and, consequently, referral patterns for surgical treatment vary. There is an increasing tendency to manage the impalpable testis by both diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy. However, successful operative management of the impalpable testis is clearly possible without recourse to laparoscopy.1-3 The purpose of our study was to analyse critically both the laparoscopic findings, and the results of laparoscopic interventions, after the introduction of the technique in a paediatric surgical centre. A management strategy is suggested for both unilateral and bilateral impalpable testes.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was made of all boys admitted to the Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital, Alder Hey, who had undergone laparoscopy because one or both of their testes were impalpable. The following details were recorded: the mode of referral, results of ultrasound examination (if performed), the findings at laparoscopy, and details of any laparoscopic or open operative procedures performed.
In all patients, a 10 mm camera port was inserted in a subumbilical position using an open technique. A single 5 mm port was occasionally required in the contralateral iliac fossa to manipulate either bowel or testis with forceps. A further 10 mm port was used if laparoscopic clipping and division of the testicular vessels were performed as the first part of a two stage laparoscopically assisted Fowler Stevens orchidopexy. Second stage orchidopexy was performed six months later through a high groin incision, mobilising the testicle on its vasal pedicle, and frequently routing the testicle medial to the inferior epigastric artery (Prentiss manoeuvre).
All patients undergoing orchidopexy were reviewed two and six months after the procedure to assess the outcome of surgery. At the six monthly review, the position of the testis was assessed as low scrotal, high scrotal, or inguinal, and its size as unchanged or reduced.
Results
Laparoscopy was performed on 87 consecutive boys (median age, 46 months; range, 17–185), over a six year period by a single surgeon. All patients were admitted overnight, and there were no complications following laparoscopy. Seventy seven patients had unilateral, and 10 patients had bilateral undescended testes, making a total of 97 undescended testes (left sided, 65; right sided, 32). Sixteen patients had been referred by surgical colleagues after negative groin exploration. In this group, seven intra-abdominal testes were found at laparoscopy.
Ultrasound examination of the groin was performed in 35 instances of impalpable testis. Laparoscopy was performed without use of previous ultrasound examination for the remaining 62 impalpable testes. After laparoscopy, conventional orchidopexies were performed for three canalicular or emergent testes in the former group, and 18 canalicular or emergent testes in the latter group. Thus, the requirement for conventional orchidopexy following laparoscopy was reduced significantly when preoperative ultrasound had been performed (p = 0.02, Fisher’s exact test), presumably because ultrasound identifies a cannalicular testis in a significant proportion of boys with impalpable testis.
Table 1 summarises the laparoscopic findings. The vas and vessels were demonstrated entering the internal ring in 44 laparoscopic examinations. Subsequent groin exploration identified 13 viable intracanalicular testes, which were treated by conventional orchidopexy with one failure. A small testicular remnant or nubbin was found at groin exploration in 22 patients, and no remnant (intracanalicular vanished testicle), in the remaining nine explorations.
AbstractPURPOSE To evaluate the use of laparoscopy in the management of the impalpable testis.DESIGN A retrospective analysis of the clinical findings, interventions, and outcome in 87 consecutive boys undergoing laparoscopy for 97 impalpable testes.RESULTS Fifty seven testes were either absent (n = 35) or present as a small remnant (n = 22), which was removed at contemporaneous groin exploration. There were 27 intra-abdominal testes, including four hypoplastic testes, which were removed laparoscopically. The 13 remaining viable testes were located in the groin. Conventional orchidopexy followed laparoscopy for 21 testes, and was successful in 17 cases. Two stage laparoscopically assisted Fowler Stevens orchidopexies were performed for 13 intra-abdominal testes, with eight satisfactory results. Ultrasound evaluation significantly reduced the number of conventional orchidopexies following laparoscopy.IMPLICATIONS Laparoscopy is a rational and safe approach for precise localisation of the impalpable testis. Laparoscopically assisted two stage orchidopexy is a successful treatment procedure for intra-abdominal testes.ประเมินผลขั้นต้นของเด็ก cryptorchid อาจจะ โดยความหลากหลายของบุคลากร และ จึง รูปแบบการอ้างอิงสำหรับผ่าตัดรักษาแตกต่างกัน มีแนวโน้มเพิ่มขึ้นในการจัดการหลายเนื้อเยื่อหรือการ impalpable โดยผ่านกล้องทั้งวินิจฉัย และรักษา อย่างไรก็ตาม หลายเนื้อเยื่อหรือ impalpable การจัดการผ่าตัดประสบความสำเร็จได้อย่างชัดเจนโดยไม่ต้อง laparoscopy.1-3 วัตถุประสงค์ของการศึกษาของเราคือการ วิเคราะห์วิกฤตทั้งผลผ่านกล้อง และผลของการแทรกแซงการผ่านกล้อง หลังจากการแนะนำเทคนิคในศูนย์การผ่าตัดโรค มีการแนะนำกลยุทธ์การบริหารสำหรับ testes impalpable ทั้งข้างเดียว และทวิภาคีวิธีของเด็กชายทั้งหมดที่โรงพยาบาลรอยัลลิเวอร์พูลเด็ก ต้นไม้ชนิดหนึ่งอ้าง Hey ที่ได้รับผ่าตัดผ่านกล้องเพราะอัณฑะของ impalpable เมื่อทำการวิเคราะห์ย้อนหลัง มีบันทึกรายละเอียดต่อไปนี้: โหมดการอ้างอิง ผลของการตรวจอัลตร้าซาวด์ (ถ้าทำ) ผลการวิจัยที่ผ่านกล้อง และรายละเอียดของกระบวนการผ่าตัดผ่านกล้อง หรือเปิดดำเนินการIn all patients, a 10 mm camera port was inserted in a subumbilical position using an open technique. A single 5 mm port was occasionally required in the contralateral iliac fossa to manipulate either bowel or testis with forceps. A further 10 mm port was used if laparoscopic clipping and division of the testicular vessels were performed as the first part of a two stage laparoscopically assisted Fowler Stevens orchidopexy. Second stage orchidopexy was performed six months later through a high groin incision, mobilising the testicle on its vasal pedicle, and frequently routing the testicle medial to the inferior epigastric artery (Prentiss manoeuvre).All patients undergoing orchidopexy were reviewed two and six months after the procedure to assess the outcome of surgery. At the six monthly review, the position of the testis was assessed as low scrotal, high scrotal, or inguinal, and its size as unchanged or reduced.ResultsLaparoscopy was performed on 87 consecutive boys (median age, 46 months; range, 17–185), over a six year period by a single surgeon. All patients were admitted overnight, and there were no complications following laparoscopy. Seventy seven patients had unilateral, and 10 patients had bilateral undescended testes, making a total of 97 undescended testes (left sided, 65; right sided, 32). Sixteen patients had been referred by surgical colleagues after negative groin exploration. In this group, seven intra-abdominal testes were found at laparoscopy.Ultrasound examination of the groin was performed in 35 instances of impalpable testis. Laparoscopy was performed without use of previous ultrasound examination for the remaining 62 impalpable testes. After laparoscopy, conventional orchidopexies were performed for three canalicular or emergent testes in the former group, and 18 canalicular or emergent testes in the latter group. Thus, the requirement for conventional orchidopexy following laparoscopy was reduced significantly when preoperative ultrasound had been performed (p = 0.02, Fisher’s exact test), presumably because ultrasound identifies a cannalicular testis in a significant proportion of boys with impalpable testis.Table 1 summarises the laparoscopic findings. The vas and vessels were demonstrated entering the internal ring in 44 laparoscopic examinations. Subsequent groin exploration identified 13 viable intracanalicular testes, which were treated by conventional orchidopexy with one failure. A small testicular remnant or nubbin was found at groin exploration in 22 patients, and no remnant (intracanalicular vanished testicle), in the remaining nine explorations.
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