Heat-moisture
treatment induced molecular rearrangement with the interactions
between macromolecules such as protein and starch (Chung et al.,
2012). Therefore, the cookies prepared with the heat-moisture
treated GBR flour might have more rigid matrix and thus displayed
the lower moisture retention capacity, compared to those
prepared with the untreated GBR flour. In our previous study
(Chung et al., 2012), we also found that the noodles prepared with a
heat-moisture treated GBR flour had significantly reduced water
absorption as compared to those with untreated GBR flour.