The so-called classic risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) include many of the components of the metabolic syndrome. The most widely applied prediction equation is the Framingham risk score, less well validated for persons with T2DM rather than without T2DM. More recently, Oxford investigators have developed a risk engine based on the large UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) database with validated CVD risk estimate for people with T2DM. Both methods take into consideration clinical parameters, as well as age, smoking, blood pressure, and serumlipid levels. The UKPDS risk engine also includes duration of diabetes and plasma glucose levels.