Pasta is known as one of the simplest foods products. It is usually made from coarse semolina of durum wheat and water (Marti, & Pagani, 2013). The production of pasta includes several steps: milling, mixing, extrusion and drying (Giannetti, Boccacci Mariani, Mannino, & Testani, 2014). The sensory and texture properties of pasta depend on not only its raw materials, but also its production condition (Giannetti et al., 2014 and Wójtowicz and Leścicki, 2014). The overall quality of pasta is mainly because of its cooking resistance, firmness, and low stickiness. In addition, the quantity and quality of protein (e.g. gluten) present in the pasta formulation play a significant role in its properties and overall acceptability (D'Egidio, Mariani, Nardi, Novaro, & Cubadda, 1990).The celiac disease is a genetically predisposed autoimmune disorder. Individuals with celiac disease may often suffer from adverse reactions to products containing gluten. This is because of their immune systems which produce antibodies against gluten, thereby causing damage to the tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall. Individuals with gluten intolerance are unable to absorb nutrients from products containing gluten (Larrosa, Lorenzo, Zaritzky, & Califano, 2013). Larrosa et al. (2013) revealed that the elimination of gluten from pasta should be carried out by replacing the wheat flour with specific components with almost similar characteristics to the gluten. Previous researchers reported that the gluten-free pasta showed poorer cooking quality than the pasta containing gluten (Islas-Rubio, de la Barca, Cabrera-Chávez, Cota-Gastélum, & Beta, 2014). As reported by Lai (2002), the addition of proper emulsifiers led to control undesirable reactions and phenomena such as starch swelling and leaching during cooking. In fact, the emulsifiers can induce positive effects on the extrusion process, consequently resulting in the less sticky product with firm consistency and structure (Charitigon et al., 2008).The color intensity (i.e. L*, a* and b*) is one of the main critical parameters affecting the appearance and overall acceptability of pasta. The yellowish color of pasta is mainly due to the degradation of carotenoid pigments in semolina. This pigment degradation is caused by lipoxygenase and manufacturing process (Fua, Schlichtinga, Pozniak, & Singh, 2013). The color intensity of the pasta can be improved by adding some natural color components to the pasta formulation (Mariotti, Lametti, Cappa, Rasmussen, & Lucisano, 2011). Durian seed flour is a by-product from the biomass waste of durian seed. Durian seed contains dietary fiber, polysaccharide gum (20–25% w/w), and protein (3–5% w/w) (Mirhosseini and Tabatabaee Amid, 2012, Mirhosseini and Tabatabaee Amid, 2013, Tabatabaee Amid and Mirhosseini, 2012a, Tabatabaee Amid, 2012b and Tabatabaee Amid and Mirhosseini, 2013). In fact, durian seed contains a heteropolysaccharide-protein polymer, which is composed of galactose and glucose as major monosaccharide (Tabatabaee Amid, & Mirhosseini, 2014). Pumpkin is one of the one of the most desirable sources of carotenoids and insoluble dietary fiber (Padalino, Mastromatteo, Lecce, Cozzolini, & Del Nobile, 2013). Pumpkin flour (PF) contains 40% cellulose, 4.3% hemicellulose, and 4.3% lignin (El-Demery, 2011). Therefore, the partial replacement of flour with PF may overcome the lack of semolina, gluten and carotenoids in the gluten-free pasta. In addition, PF is mainly used because of its highly-desirable aroma, sweetness and deep yellow-orange color.The main goal of this study was also to produce newly formulated gluten-free pasta. The main objective was to investigate the effect of partial replacement of corn flour with pumpkin flour (PF, 0% (0 g/100 g), 25% (13.5 g/100 g) and 50% (27 g/100 g)) and durian seed flour (DSF, 0% (0 g/100 g), 25% (13.5 g/100 g) and 50% (27 g/100 g)) on the characteristics of gluten-free pasta. In the preliminary study, the effect of the partial replacement of corn flour with higher amounts (>50% of total flour or > 27 g/100 g) of pumpkin flour and durian seed flour was tested. The prepared dough did not have proper texture properties for sheeting process and making final pasta. In addition, pastas containing lower amounts (<25% of total flour or < 13.5 g/100 g) of pumpkin flour and durian seed flour were also prepared. The prepared pastas did not show any significant different characteristics as compared to the control sample containing 0% PF and DSF. Therefore, the desirable contents (i.e. 25% (13.5 g/100 g) and 50% (27 g/100 g)) of pumpkin flour and durian seed flour were considered for the current research. To the best of our knowledge, there is no similar report investigating the effect of DSF and PF on the properties of gluten-free pasta, yet.
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