have been
developed to fabricate ultra-fine grained materials. Among
these, ECA pressing has advantages, such as the minimal
shape change and pore-free macrostructure. Also,ECApressing
provides a versatility in the strain path, such as route A
(refers to pressing the sample repetitively without any rotation),
BA (refers to rotation of 90◦ in the opposite sense), BC
(refers to rotation of 90◦ in the same sense) and C (refers to
rotating by 180◦ between each pass), which allows a design
of various interesting microstructural characteristics