and innovation with bringing new facilities on line Note also the effects of automation a reduction in the need for rules since these are built right into the machinery and a blurring of the line/staff dis tinction since control becomes a question more of expertisc than authority What does it mean to su pcrvise a machine Thus the effect of automation is to reduce the degree of machine bureaucracy in the administration and to drive it toward adminis trativc adhocracy Both kinds of adhoeracy are commonly found in environments that are complex as well as dynamic These are the two conditions that call for sophis ticated innovation which requires the cooperative efforts of many different kinds of experts In the case of administrative adhocracy the production system is also typically complex and as noted often automated These production systems create the need for highly skilled support staffers who must be given a good deal of power over technical decisions For its part the operating adhocracy is often as sociated with young organizations For one thing with no standard products or services organizations that use it tend to be highly vulnerable and many of them disappear at an early age For another age drives these organizations toward bureaucracy as the employees themselves age and tend to seek an escape from the instability of the structure and its environment The innovative consulting firm con verges on a few of its most successful projects pack ages them into standard skills and settles down to life as a professional bureaucracy the manufacturer of prototypes hits on a hot product and becomes a machine bureaucracy to mass produce it