W. Edwards Deming. W. Edwards Deming was educated in engineering and
physics at the University of Wyoming and Yale University. He worked for Western Electric
and was influenced greatly by Walter A. Shewhart, the developer of the control chart. After
leaving Western Electric, Deming held government jobs with the U.S. Department of
Agriculture and the Bureau of the Census. During World War II, Deming worked for the
War Department and the Census Bureau. Following the war, he became a consultant to
Japanese industries and convinced their top management of the power of statistical methods
and the importance of quality as a competitive weapon. This commitment to and use of
statistical methods has been a key element in the expansion of Japan’s industry and economy.
The Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers created the Deming Prize for quality
improvement in his honor. Until his death in 1994, Deming was an active consultant and
speaker; he was an inspirational force for quality improvement in this country and around
the world. He firmly believed that the responsibility for quality rests with management; that
is, most of the opportunities for quality improvement require management action, and very
few opportunities lie at the workforce or operator level. Deming was a harsh critic of many
American management practices.
The Deming philosophy is an important framework for implementing quality and productivity
improvement. This philosophy is summarized in his 14 points for management. We
now give a brief statement and discussion of Deming’s 14 points:
1. Create a constancy of purpose focused on the improvement of products and services.
Deming was very critical of the short-term thinking of American management,
which tends to be driven by quarterly business results and doesn’t always focus on
strategies that benefit the organization in the long run. Management should constantly
try to improve product design and performance. This must include investment
in research, development, and innovation will have long-term payback to the organization.
2. Adopt a new philosophy that recognizes we are in a different economic era. Reject
poor workmanship, defective products, or bad service. It costs as much to produce a
defective unit as it does to produce a good one (and sometimes more). The cost of dealing
with scrap, rework, and other losses created by defectives is an enormous drain on
company resources.
3. Do not rely on mass inspection to “control” quality. All inspection can do is sort out
defectives, and at that point it is too late—the organization already has paid to produce
those defectives. Inspection typically occurs too late in the process, it is expensive, and
it is often ineffective. Quality results from prevention of defectives through process
improvement, not inspection.
4. Do not award business to suppliers on the basis of price alone, but also consider
quality. Price is a meaningful measure of a supplier’s product only if it is considered in
relation to a measure of quality. In other words, the total cost of the item must be considered,
not just the purchase price. When quality is considered, the lowest bidder frequently
is not the low-cost supplier. Preference should be given to suppliers who use modern
methods of quality improvement in their business and who can demonstrate process control
and capability. An adversarial relationship with suppliers is harmful. It is important to
build effective, long-term relationships.
5. Focus on continuous improvement. Constantly try to improve the production and service
system. Involve the workforce in these activities and make use of statistical methods,
particularly the statistically based problem-solving tools discussed in this book.
6. Practice modern training methods and invest in on-the-job training for all employees.
Everyone should be trained in the technical aspects of their job, and in modern quality- and
productivity-improvement methods as well. The training should encourageall employees to practice
these methods every day. Too often, employees are not encouraged to use the results of training, and
management often believes employees donot need training or already should be able to practice
the methods. Many organizations devote little or no effort to training.
7. Improve leadership, and practice modern supervision methods. Supervision should
not consist merely of passive surveillance of workers but should be focused on helping
the employees improve the system in which they work. The number one goal of supervision
should be to improve the work system and the product.
8. Drive out fear. Many workers are afraid to ask questions, report problems, or point
out conditions that are barriers to quality and effective production. In many organizations
the economic loss associated with fear is large; only management can eliminatefear.
9. Break down the barriers between functional areas of the business. Teamwork
among different organizational units is essential for effective quality and productivity
improvement to take place.
10. Eliminate targets, slogans, and numerical goals for the workforce. A target such as
“zero defects” is useless without a plan for the achievement of this objective. In fact,
these slogans and “programs” are usually counterproductive. Work to improve the system
and provide information on that.
11. Eliminate numerical quotas and work standards. These standards have historically
been set without regard to quality. Work standards are often symptoms of management’s
inability to understand the work process and to provide an effective management
system focused on improving this process.
12. Remove the barriers that discourage employees from doing their jobs.
Management must listen to employee suggestions, comments, and complaints. The person
who is doing the job knows the most about it and usually has valuable ideas about
how to make the process work more effectively. The workforce is an important participant
in the business, and not just an opponent in collective bargaining.
13. Institute an ongoing program of education for all employees. Education in simple,
powerful statistical techniques should be mandatory for all employees. Use of the basic
SPC problem-solving tools, particularly the control chart, should become widespread in
the business. As these charts become widespread and as employees understand their
uses, they will be more likely to look for the causes of poor quality and to identify
process improvements. Education is a way of making everyone partners in the quality
improvement process.
14. Create a structure in top management that will vigorously advocate the first 13
points. This structure must be driven from the very top of the organization. It must also
include concurrent education/training activities and expedite application of the training
to achieve improved business results. Everyone in the organization must know that continuous
improvement is a common goal.
As we read Deming’s 14 points we notice that there is a strong emphasis on organizational
change. Also, the role of management in guiding this change process is of
dominating importance. However, what should be changed, and how should this change
process be started? For example, if we want to improve the yield of a semiconductor manufacturing
process, what should we do? It is in this area that statistical methods come into
play most frequently. To improve the semiconductor process, we must determine which
controllable factors in the process influence the number of defective units produced. To
answer this question, we must collect data on the process and see how the system reacts
เอ็ดเวิร์ด W. Deming เอ็ดเวิร์ด W. Deming ได้รับการศึกษาในวิศวกรรม และฟิสิกส์มหาวิทยาลัยไวโอมิงและมหาวิทยาลัยเยล เขาทำงานการไฟฟ้าตะวันตกและมีอิทธิพลอย่างมาก โดย Walter A. Shewhart ผู้พัฒนาแผนภูมิควบคุม หลังจากปล่อยไฟฟ้าเวสเทิร์น Deming จัดงานรัฐบาลกับฝ่ายสหรัฐฯ ของเกษตรและสำนักงานบ้าน ในระหว่างสงครามโลก Deming ทำงานแผนกสงครามและสำนักสำมะโน ต่อไปนี้สงคราม เขาเป็นปรึกษาเพื่ออุตสาหกรรมญี่ปุ่น และความเชื่อมั่นของผู้บริหารระดับสูงของอำนาจของวิธีการทางสถิติและความสำคัญของคุณภาพเป็นอาวุธแข่งขัน สิ่งเหล่านี้และการใช้วิธีการทางสถิติแล้วองค์ประกอบสำคัญในการขยายตัวของอุตสาหกรรมและเศรษฐกิจของญี่ปุ่นญี่ปุ่นสหภาพของนักวิทยาศาสตร์และวิศวกรสร้างรางวัล Deming สำหรับคุณภาพปรับปรุงในเกียรติของเขา จนกระทั่งเขาเสียชีวิตในปี 1994, Deming ปรึกษาการใช้งาน และลำโพง เขาถูกบังคับเป็นแรงบันดาลใจสำหรับปรับปรุงคุณภาพสถานที่ สำคัญ ในประเทศนี้โลก เขาแน่นหนาเชื่อว่า ความรับผิดชอบในคุณภาพอยู่ที่การจัดการ ที่เป็นทั้งโอกาสในการปรับปรุงคุณภาพต้องดำเนินการจัดการ การโอกาสน้อยอยู่ในระดับบุคลากรหรือผู้ปฏิบัติงาน Deming ได้วิจารณ์รุนแรงหลายวิธีบริหารจัดการอเมริกันปรัชญาของ Deming คือ กรอบสำคัญสำหรับการดำเนินงานมีคุณภาพและประสิทธิภาพปรับปรุง ปรัชญานี้สรุปเป็นคะแนนของเขา 14 สำหรับการจัดการ เราตอนนี้ ให้งบสั้น ๆ และสนทนาของ Deming 14 คะแนน:1. สร้างทางวัตถุประสงค์ที่มุ่งเน้นการพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์และบริการDeming สำคัญความคิดระยะสั้นจัดการอเมริกันซึ่งมีแนวโน้มที่ถูกผลักดัน ด้วยผลลัพธ์ธุรกิจรายไตรมาส และไม่เสมอเน้นกลยุทธ์ที่ประโยชน์ขององค์กรในระยะยาว ควรบริหารอย่างต่อเนื่องพยายามปรับปรุงการออกแบบผลิตภัณฑ์และประสิทธิภาพ นี้ต้องมีการลงทุนงานวิจัย พัฒนา และนวัตกรรมจะได้คืนทุนระยะยาวกับองค์กร2. นำมาใช้เป็นปรัชญาใหม่ที่รู้จักเราอยู่ในยุคเศรษฐกิจแตกต่างกัน ปฏิเสธฝีมือดี ผลิตภัณฑ์ที่บกพร่อง หรือดี ค่าใช้จ่ายมากในการผลิตเป็นหน่วยบกพร่องมันไม่ผลิตดีหนึ่ง (และบางครั้งเพิ่มเติม) ต้นทุนการจัดการกับของเสีย ทำใหม่ สร้าง โดย defectives สูญอยู่ท่อระบายน้ำขนาดใหญ่บริษัททรัพยากร3. ใช้ในการตรวจสอบคุณภาพ "ควบคุม" โดยรวม สามารถทำการตรวจสอบทั้งหมดจะเรียงลำดับออกdefectives และจุดที่มันจะสายเกินไป – องค์กรแล้วได้ชำระเงินในการผลิตdefectives เหล่านั้น ตรวจสอบโดยทั่วไปเกิดขึ้นในกระบวนการ สายเกินไปแพง และมักจะเป็นผล คุณภาพจากป้องกัน defectives ผ่านกระบวนปรับปรุง ไม่ตรวจสอบ4. รางวัลธุรกิจซัพพลายเออร์โดยราคาเพียงอย่างเดียว แต่ยัง พิจารณาquality. Price is a meaningful measure of a supplier’s product only if it is considered inrelation to a measure of quality. In other words, the total cost of the item must be considered,not just the purchase price. When quality is considered, the lowest bidder frequentlyis not the low-cost supplier. Preference should be given to suppliers who use modernmethods of quality improvement in their business and who can demonstrate process controland capability. An adversarial relationship with suppliers is harmful. It is important tobuild effective, long-term relationships.5. Focus on continuous improvement. Constantly try to improve the production and servicesystem. Involve the workforce in these activities and make use of statistical methods,particularly the statistically based problem-solving tools discussed in this book.6. Practice modern training methods and invest in on-the-job training for all employees.Everyone should be trained in the technical aspects of their job, and in modern quality- and productivity-improvement methods as well. The training should encourageall employees to practice these methods every day. Too often, employees are not encouraged to use the results of training, and management often believes employees donot need training or already should be able to practice the methods. Many organizations devote little or no effort to training.7. Improve leadership, and practice modern supervision methods. Supervision shouldnot consist merely of passive surveillance of workers but should be focused on helpingthe employees improve the system in which they work. The number one goal of supervisionshould be to improve the work system and the product.8. Drive out fear. Many workers are afraid to ask questions, report problems, or pointout conditions that are barriers to quality and effective production. In many organizationsthe economic loss associated with fear is large; only management can eliminatefear.9. Break down the barriers between functional areas of the business. Teamworkamong different organizational units is essential for effective quality and productivityimprovement to take place.10. Eliminate targets, slogans, and numerical goals for the workforce. A target such as“zero defects” is useless without a plan for the achievement of this objective. In fact,these slogans and “programs” are usually counterproductive. Work to improve the systemand provide information on that.11. Eliminate numerical quotas and work standards. These standards have historicallybeen set without regard to quality. Work standards are often symptoms of management’sinability to understand the work process and to provide an effective managementsystem focused on improving this process.12. Remove the barriers that discourage employees from doing their jobs.Management must listen to employee suggestions, comments, and complaints. The personwho is doing the job knows the most about it and usually has valuable ideas about
how to make the process work more effectively. The workforce is an important participant
in the business, and not just an opponent in collective bargaining.
13. Institute an ongoing program of education for all employees. Education in simple,
powerful statistical techniques should be mandatory for all employees. Use of the basic
SPC problem-solving tools, particularly the control chart, should become widespread in
the business. As these charts become widespread and as employees understand their
uses, they will be more likely to look for the causes of poor quality and to identify
process improvements. Education is a way of making everyone partners in the quality
improvement process.
14. Create a structure in top management that will vigorously advocate the first 13
points. This structure must be driven from the very top of the organization. It must also
include concurrent education/training activities and expedite application of the training
to achieve improved business results. Everyone in the organization must know that continuous
improvement is a common goal.
As we read Deming’s 14 points we notice that there is a strong emphasis on organizational
change. Also, the role of management in guiding this change process is of
dominating importance. However, what should be changed, and how should this change
process be started? For example, if we want to improve the yield of a semiconductor manufacturing
process, what should we do? It is in this area that statistical methods come into
play most frequently. To improve the semiconductor process, we must determine which
controllable factors in the process influence the number of defective units produced. To
answer this question, we must collect data on the process and see how the system reacts
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