The primary emphasis of peer group interventions differs from that of individual-level interventions
such as cognitive-behavioral or social skills. Peer group interventions emphasize modifying
antisocial behavior by changing the nature of the peer group interaction, particularly in terms of
shifting peer group norms, promoting youth involvement with prosocial peers, and redirecting the
activities of antisocial peer groups and juvenile gangs. To date, there is little evidence that this type
of approach is effective in reducing antisocial or violent behavior, and some programs have
demonstrated negative effects. Recently, peer mediation training programs have been developed, but
empirical studies of these programs are almost nonexistent. Peer group interventions can be divided
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into three types of programs in terms of their focus: (a) those that focus on shifting peer group
norms to increase peer pressure for prosocial rather than antisocial activity; (b) those that emphasize
preventing association with antisocial peers, redirecting peer group behavior toward prosocial
activities, or both; and (c) those that focus on involving youth in conflict resolution with peers,
known as peer mediation and conflict resolution programs.