Risk aggregation has been a challenge to risk practitioners for a long time. This was largely
due to the variety of risk measures applied to the different risk silos, and the correlations that
exist between risks. The recent development of a common denominator measure for market,
credit and operational risks enables firms to aggregate their quantifiable risks into a total risk
estimate. The emerging common denominator of quantifiable risks is called Economic (Risk)
Capital.
Economic Capital is the amount of capital that could be used to cover all liabilities in a worst
case scenario – unexpected market, credit, operational and/or insurance loss.7
The conceptual
appeal of Economic Capital methods, as recognised recently by the regulator, is that ‘they can
provide a single metric along which all types of risks can be measured’ (BIS 2003: 6). Even
though there are a number of ways for the calculation of Economic Capital as assumptions
and data used to feed the models may vary from bank to bank all Economic Capital
frameworks are conceptually identical.
The Basel Committee has also legitimised the Economic Capital methodology that in the last
decade has emerged as best practice among practitioners (see for example Marrison 2002).
But the real institutional force behind the spreading of Economic Capital in the industry is the
rating agency community. Banks tailor Economic Capital not to a regulatory standard, but to
the capital adequacy expectations coming from rating agencies. Economic Capital is the
measure of the maximum probable loss that the bank must appear to be able to withstand in
order to justify its target credit rating.
Given that rating agency opinions concern different banks to different extent, Economic
Capital (or its promise) appeals primarily to banks that wish to maintain a high credit rating.
For example, firms rated AA by Standard & Poor’s (S&P) have historically defaulted with a
0.03 per cent probability over a one-year horizon. If a bank aims for an AA credit rating, then
the corresponding capital level (Economic Capital) is the amount required to keep the firm
solvent over a one-year period with 99.97 per cent confidence (Garside & Nakada 1999).
Given the higher confidence level applied, the ‘economic’ capital amount is to be higher than
the regulatory minimum.
Economic Capital, as a measurement tool is, in effect, a restatement of value-at-risk amounts
using a set of parameters that corresponds to a solvency standard (rather than to the regulatory
rules). It can be calculated on market, credit and (measurable) operational risks, with the help
of judgment where data is not sufficient or cannot be simulated (especially in case of
operational risk).
Furthermore, Economic Capital is recognised by the new Basel II framework as a promising
tool for financial institutions to allocate capital internally across the business units. This is
because of the ability of the Economic Capital technique to aggregate risk (measured in risk
silos) in a given subsidiary. While internal capital allocation is a regulatory requirement,doing so via Economic Capital models is not. The Basel Committee sets its use out merely as
an option.
Economic Capital, as the common denominator for the measurable risk types, creates a
consistent and comprehensive framework, or at least the appearance of it, in which risks can
be compared and aggregated, enterprise-wide. Further, risk limits can be set according to the
solvency standards (by second-guessing rating agency expectations), expressed in the form of
Economic Capital. Thus Economic Capital, if applied, can become the new language of risk
limit setting (risk control) too.
The Economic Capital framework gives rise to a new risk management ideal type – Integrated
Risk Management. It is defined here as a risk management approach that applies the
Economic Capital framework for the measurement, comparison, aggregation and control of
risks.
It is not suggested that Integrated Risk Management is a necessary evolutionary step after
Risk Silo Management. For example, the take-up rate of Economic Capital among Swiss
canton-banks is very low and they continue to show little interest in it.8
The explanation lies in
the particular circumstances (historic traditions) of these banks – Swiss canton-banks typically
reserve 200 per cent of the minimum regulatory capital. It is plausible that banks, which by
tradition hold capital levels well above the regulatory minimum, see little benefit from the
fine-tuning of their capital levels via the use of Economic Capital.
ความเสี่ยงรวมแล้วท้าทายผู้เสี่ยงเป็นเวลานาน นี้เป็นส่วนใหญ่เนื่องจากความหลากหลายของมาตรการความเสี่ยงใช้ไซโลความเสี่ยงแตกต่างกัน และความสัมพันธ์ในที่อยู่ระหว่างความเสี่ยง การพัฒนาล่าสุดวัดโทนสำหรับตลาดเครดิตและความเสี่ยงในการดำเนินงานช่วยให้บริษัทสามารถรวมความเสี่ยงการวัดปริมาณได้เป็นความเสี่ยงรวมการประเมิน โทนเกิดความเสี่ยงที่วัดปริมาณได้คือเศรษฐกิจ (ความเสี่ยง)ทุนทุนทางเศรษฐกิจเป็นจำนวนเงินทุนที่สามารถใช้เพื่อครอบคลุมหนี้สินทั้งหมดในตัวร้ายสถานการณ์กรณี – ตลาดคาด สินเชื่อ ปฏิบัติ และ/หรือประกัน loss.7 ในแนวคิดอุทธรณ์วิธีทุนทางเศรษฐกิจ เป็นที่รับการยอมรับเมื่อเร็ว ๆ นี้โดยควบคุม ว่า ' พวกเขาสามารถมีการวัดเดียวตามที่สามารถประเมินความเสี่ยงทุกชนิด ' (BIS 2003:6) แม้แม้ว่า มีหลายวิธีในการคำนวณทุนทางเศรษฐกิจเป็นสมมติฐานและข้อมูลที่ใช้ในการดึงข้อมูลรูปแบบอาจแตกต่างกันไปในแต่ละธนาคารทุนทางเศรษฐกิจทั้งหมดกรอบทางแนวคิดเหมือนกันกรรมการบาเซิลยังได้ legitimised ระหว่างทุนทางเศรษฐกิจที่สุดท้ายทศวรรษได้ผงาดขึ้นเป็นที่สุดระหว่างผู้ปฏิบัติ (ดูตัวอย่างมาร์ริสัน 2002)แต่จริงสถาบันพลังกระจายทุนทางเศรษฐกิจในอุตสาหกรรมจัดอันดับตัวแทนชุมชน ธนาคารปรับทุนทางเศรษฐกิจไม่ให้มาตรฐานข้อบังคับ แต่ถึงthe capital adequacy expectations coming from rating agencies. Economic Capital is themeasure of the maximum probable loss that the bank must appear to be able to withstand inorder to justify its target credit rating.Given that rating agency opinions concern different banks to different extent, EconomicCapital (or its promise) appeals primarily to banks that wish to maintain a high credit rating.For example, firms rated AA by Standard & Poor’s (S&P) have historically defaulted with a0.03 per cent probability over a one-year horizon. If a bank aims for an AA credit rating, thenthe corresponding capital level (Economic Capital) is the amount required to keep the firmsolvent over a one-year period with 99.97 per cent confidence (Garside & Nakada 1999).Given the higher confidence level applied, the ‘economic’ capital amount is to be higher thanthe regulatory minimum.Economic Capital, as a measurement tool is, in effect, a restatement of value-at-risk amountsusing a set of parameters that corresponds to a solvency standard (rather than to the regulatoryrules). It can be calculated on market, credit and (measurable) operational risks, with the helpof judgment where data is not sufficient or cannot be simulated (especially in case ofoperational risk).Furthermore, Economic Capital is recognised by the new Basel II framework as a promisingtool for financial institutions to allocate capital internally across the business units. This isbecause of the ability of the Economic Capital technique to aggregate risk (measured in risksilos) in a given subsidiary. While internal capital allocation is a regulatory requirement,doing so via Economic Capital models is not. The Basel Committee sets its use out merely asan option.Economic Capital, as the common denominator for the measurable risk types, creates aconsistent and comprehensive framework, or at least the appearance of it, in which risks canbe compared and aggregated, enterprise-wide. Further, risk limits can be set according to thesolvency standards (by second-guessing rating agency expectations), expressed in the form ofEconomic Capital. Thus Economic Capital, if applied, can become the new language of risklimit setting (risk control) too.The Economic Capital framework gives rise to a new risk management ideal type – IntegratedRisk Management. It is defined here as a risk management approach that applies theEconomic Capital framework for the measurement, comparison, aggregation and control ofrisks.It is not suggested that Integrated Risk Management is a necessary evolutionary step afterRisk Silo Management. For example, the take-up rate of Economic Capital among Swisscanton-banks is very low and they continue to show little interest in it.8 The explanation lies inthe particular circumstances (historic traditions) of these banks – Swiss canton-banks typicallyreserve 200 per cent of the minimum regulatory capital. It is plausible that banks, which bytradition hold capital levels well above the regulatory minimum, see little benefit from thefine-tuning of their capital levels via the use of Economic Capital.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
