6. Elite residential zone. The elite residential zone is provided with modem urban services and land-use controls. Planned gated luxury residentail communities have been developed around rural kampung.
7. Middle-income suburbs. Middle-income suburbs are a relatively new phenomenon, since this income group was limited in numbers until recently. Most have arisen on either side of the central spine away from both the elite residential areas and the kampungs.
8. Industrial zone. While heavy industry has played a minor role in most Indonesian cities. since the import substitution programmes of the 1970, port facilties. suburban industrial parks and satellite cities have emerged lo exertan impact on future urban structure.
9. Kampungs. These unplanned low-income residential areas constitute a significant element in the urban structure of the Indonesian city (Box 22.5).