Excess educational requirements for jobs previously the ously upgraded formal educational entry qualification becomes formalized and may resist downward adjustment. Moreover, to the extent that trade unions succeed in binding going wages to the educational attainments of jobholders, the going wage for each job will tend to rise (even though worker productivity in that job does not significantly increase). Existing d tortions in wage differentials will be magnified, thus stimulating the amount of education demanded even further Egypt presents a classic case of this ph nomenon with its and budget-busting government-guaranteed employment in the public sector and its massive civil service overstaffing of overcredential ized school graduates Note that this political economy process pulls scarce public resources away from the limited and often low-quality basic education available for the many Basi and toward more advanced education for the few. This is both inequitable and inefficient economically