The development shift initiated by the World Bank, described above, impacted on development
thinking in two ways. Firstly, it linked sites and service schemes and slum upgrading as twin
approaches. This association led to an endless comparative debate, often based upon the cost of
service provision (Ferguson, 1996). Yet, the two are not comparative, representing as they do
completely different settlement growth patterns. Secondly, the bank’s approach emphasized the
centrality of physical infrastructure to settlement improvement, the approach whereby success is
measured by hard service delivery. This further reinforced the notion that informal settlements
could be treated in the same way as formally planned settlements.
The development shift initiated by the World Bank, described above, impacted on developmentthinking in two ways. Firstly, it linked sites and service schemes and slum upgrading as twinapproaches. This association led to an endless comparative debate, often based upon the cost ofservice provision (Ferguson, 1996). Yet, the two are not comparative, representing as they docompletely different settlement growth patterns. Secondly, the bank’s approach emphasized thecentrality of physical infrastructure to settlement improvement, the approach whereby success ismeasured by hard service delivery. This further reinforced the notion that informal settlementscould be treated in the same way as formally planned settlements.
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