There is strong evidence that intrauterine exposure to maternal hyperglycaemia is associated with impaired glucose tolerance in 20% of offspring aged 5–9 years old (71) and 10–16 years old (72). Studies in Pima Indians have shown that fetal exposure to maternal T2D are at higher risk of obesity, IGT and T2D in adult offspring (73). In this population, non-diabetic offspring who have been exposed in utero to maternal T2D had a decreased insulin secretion with no modification insulin action (74).