the business models of modern processors and retailers are being built on collaboration, co-investment and knowledge sharing between producers, suppliers, processors and retailers. Ultimately, the extent of collaboration and coinvestment depends on the nature of the product (perishable, differentiated or branded product, or bulk commodity) and the nature of the end buyer (branded retailer, wholesale, etc.), but there is a general trend in most sectors and locations towards increased collaboration and co-investment among chain participants. The most collaborative supply chains are for perishable commodities such as fresh vegetables, and certified products such as organic or Freetrade coffee.