children with different left-behind/migrant experiences, returned migrant children are the most disadvantaged, especially those who return without their parents thus becoming left-behind afterwards. This is manifested by the strong direct association between the LBRMG status and higher depression, as well as between the LBRMG status and lower family and community social capital, which leads to higher depression indirectly. Nevertheless, several limitations of this study need to be addressed here to arouse caution while interpreting the study results.