The descriptive statistics of listening test scores on the four dependent
variables (pre-test, post-test 1, post-test 2, and post-test 3) are reported in
Table 4. The reliability of the pre-test score was found to be satisfactory,
Cronbach α = .89. The results show that after the pre-test, (1) the RO
group gained 3.07 per cent in post-test-1 and 1.20 per cent in posttest
2, but decreased 3.64 per cent in post-test 3. However, the t-tests
show that the variations in scores from the pre-test to the immediate
post-test were not significantly different; (2) the RL group increased
28.42 per cent in post-test 1, 28.18 per cent in post-test 2, and 27.70
per cent in post-test 3. The increases from the pre-test to the three
post-tests were statistically significant with p < .001 across the three
t-tests. The improvement was very consistent throughout the three
post-tests; (3) the LO group gained 19.74 per cent, 18.56 per cent, and
13.44 per cent in post-test 1, post-test 2, and post-test 3, respectively.