Experimental studies have been carried out by different
researchers to investigate the carbonation problem
in concrete structures [10,29–31]. Unfortunately, full
data for the experiments (e.g. cement type, w=c, a=c,
exposure conditions, etc.) have not been provided in
every case. As a result, only the experiments conduced
by Papadakis et al. [10] and in CEN Report-CR12793
[29] are used for the verification of the finite element
model outlined in Figs. 2–5. First, a broad outline of the
experimental work is described, followed by the finite
element modeling of the test specimens