technique basis for separation apply this technique to:
adsorption / desorption phase transfer to a solid surface liquid or gaseous mixtures that contain at least one component that adsorbs
chromatography phase transfer from a mobile mixture to a stationary phase liquid or gaseous solutions that contain several components with differing affinities for the stationary phase
condensation phase separation by condensing gases in the mixture to liquids gaseous mixtures containing at least one gas with a much higher boiling point than the others
dialysis phase transfer through a porous membrane that allows some molecules to pass through, but not others solutions containing small molecules mixed with very large molecules
effusion gases with faster molecules flow through tiny pinholes faster than gases with slow molecules gaseous mixtures containing gases with different molecular weights
dissolution (washing, solvent extraction) soluble components can be washed away, leaving behind insoluble components (phase transfer to a washing solvent) mixtures of solids with different solubilities
electrorefining separate a metal from impurities by dissolving it and then plating it onto an electrode solid mixtures with a metal as one component
filtration collect solid particles on a filter heterogeneous mixture containing a solid phase
floatation dense components sink, and lighter ones float heterogeneous mixture with phases with different densities
ion exchange ions in the mixture bind to surfaces with oppositely charged sites (phase transfer to an ion exchange resin) solutions containing ions
precipitation convert solutes to an easily separated solid form solutions containing a solute that can be precipitated
scrubbing bubble mixture through a solution that selectively absorbs a component (phase transfer from gas to solution) gaseous mixtures containing a solute that can be selectively absorbed by a scrubbing solution
stripping a gas bubbled through the mixture carries off the most volatile components
(phase transfer from solution to gas)
a liquid mixture containing at least one volatile component
volatilization
(drying, distillation, sublimation)
components with widely differing volatility can be driven out of the mixture by heating (phase change from solid or liquid to gas) a mixture containing components with differing volatility