The PMI is a 15-item, 6-point scale that was modified based on the original version by the developers (Davis & Atwood 1996). Participants rated each method from 1 (‘never use’) to 6 (‘often use’) to indicate how often they were using it. For each of the methods used, participants rated the helpfulness from 1 (‘not helpful’) to 6 (‘very helpful’). The PMI yielded the following three scores: (1) the total number of self-management methods used by adding the number of items that have a ‘use’ rating between 2 and 6, (2) the frequency of each method used and (3) the helpfulness of each method used. The instrument also provided an additional item, which asked the participant to list the three methods found to be most helpful. The PMI was originally written in English and required translation into Chinese and back translation into English.