There was only one positive relationship from collectivism to the competitive
attitudes, and that was to Kiasu-positive. This relationship showed that the
competitive Kiasu-positive attitude could exist within a collectivistic
environment and, therefore, provided evidence that competitiveness and
collectivism could and do co-exist together. This should lend credence to the
seeming dilemma in the study of King et al. (1995), where Japanese students
scored highly on both competitiveness and cooperation, while common wisdom
has deemed that to be incompatible. The collectivism to Kiasu-positive
relationship is also consistent with the puzzling Tang (1999) findings, where the