Arguably, the overriding management issue for e-government projects should be that challenge of failure. Categories and extent of failure were discussed in Chapter 1. Here we will just note one more partial failure with the archetypal project problems of overpromising and underdelivering on time, budget and functionality. The US Federal Aviation Authority’s Advanced Automation System (AAS) lay at the heart of its plans to modernize air traffic control systems. When first contracted in 1988 (taking a mere seven years to go through the contracting process), it was due to be implemented in July 1992 at a cost of US$3.5 billion (Wolfe, 2001). By the late 1990s, much of that had been spent, yet parts of AAS had been canceled, and the core components had not been delivered. At the time of writing, the story continued. Taking just one part of the original AAS plan-the Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System-a US General Accounting Office study found it had doubled in cost to roughly US$2 billion and was seven years behind schedule (Mosquera,2004)