Establishing Patterns of Administrative Functions and Processes Scholarly endeavors have focused on one or more aspects of management in several cultural settings. For instance,Aaron Wildavsky’s Budgeting: A Comparative Theory of Budgetary Processes (1985) explicitly utilizes a comparative perspective to examine the dominant variables that characterize forms of budgetary behavior in rich countries (Britain, France, Japan, and the United States) in contrast to poor countries. Similarly, A. Premchand and Jesse Burkhead’s study, Comparative International Budgeting and Finance (1984), compares financial management and budgeting in 13 developed and developing countries. Many other comparative works can be found in the journals: Allen Schick (1990) compares budget results in five industrialized countries. Richard Stillman and his European associates (Kickert et al. 1996), in a symposium on public administration in Europe, provide some common characteristics and unique attributes of influential European administrative systems. Many other illustrations are found in the related professional journals. Among the administrative functions that have attracted the interest of comparative researchers at an early stage is civil service in all its phases and processes. Civil service systems, as Bekke, Perry, and Toonen (1996, vii) point out, play critical roles throughout the world, but our basic knowledge of civil service systems is woefully inadequate. They determine that much of the theory and empirical research on civil service systems dates from the comparative administration movement of the 1960s. Unfortunately, comparative knowledge about how civil service systems function or how any other particular administrative structure might be managed remains either unavailable or tentative.
Establishing Patterns of Administrative Functions and Processes Scholarly endeavors have focused on one or more aspects of management in several cultural settings. For instance,Aaron Wildavsky’s Budgeting: A Comparative Theory of Budgetary Processes (1985) explicitly utilizes a comparative perspective to examine the dominant variables that characterize forms of budgetary behavior in rich countries (Britain, France, Japan, and the United States) in contrast to poor countries. Similarly, A. Premchand and Jesse Burkhead’s study, Comparative International Budgeting and Finance (1984), compares financial management and budgeting in 13 developed and developing countries. Many other comparative works can be found in the journals: Allen Schick (1990) compares budget results in five industrialized countries. Richard Stillman and his European associates (Kickert et al. 1996), in a symposium on public administration in Europe, provide some common characteristics and unique attributes of influential European administrative systems. Many other illustrations are found in the related professional journals. Among the administrative functions that have attracted the interest of comparative researchers at an early stage is civil service in all its phases and processes. Civil service systems, as Bekke, Perry, and Toonen (1996, vii) point out, play critical roles throughout the world, but our basic knowledge of civil service systems is woefully inadequate. They determine that much of the theory and empirical research on civil service systems dates from the comparative administration movement of the 1960s. Unfortunately, comparative knowledge about how civil service systems function or how any other particular administrative structure might be managed remains either unavailable or tentative.
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