t.
CLT is not concerned exclusively with face-to-face oral communication. The principles of
CLT apply equally to reading and writing activities that involve readers and writers engaged in
the interpretation, expression, and negotiation of meaning; the goals of CLT depend on learner
needs in a given context. CLT does not require small group or pair work; group tasks have been
found helpful in many contexts as a way or providing increased opportunity and motivation for
communication. However, classroom group or pair work should not be considered an essential
feature and may well be inappropriate in some contexts. Finally, CLT does not exclude a focus on