Protected area coverage
We used data on protected areas from the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA; IUCN & UNEP–WCMC, 2011). We included all national and international terrestrial protected areas except those listed as proposed or recommended. We did not include Indigenous and Community-Owned Conservation Areas as these are not formally protected, although they can provide many conservation benefits (Ricketts et al., 2010). Boundary data were available for 125,993 protected areas. For protected areas that lacked mapped boundary data but where the location and area were known, we calculated an approximate coverage by generating a circular buffer of the known area around the known point location (n517, 366). Overlapping protected areas were dissolved to avoid double counting